Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs

Department
for Environment
Food & Rural Affairs

UK Risk Register Details for Xylella fastidiosa

This record was last updated on 06/06/2023

Common Names

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Alfalfa dwarf
Anaheim disease
California vine disease
Dwarf disease of alfalfa
Dwarf disease of lucerne
Leaf scald of oleander
Leaf scald of plum
Leaf scorch
Phony disease of peach
Pierce's disease of grapevine
Variegated chlorosis of citrus

PRA Document

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PRA File (2020)

Scenario and Pathways

Scenario for Risk Register

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Pest is introduced

Pathway Assessed for Entry to UK

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Plants for planting (except seeds bulbs and tubers)

Common Pathways

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insect vectors

Risk Ratings and Current Mitigations

Unmitigated Risks

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Likelihood For "Pest is Introduced" the lowest value of Entry or Establishment, as both are required for a successful introduction. For "Pest Spreads to Maximum Extent" this is an expert judgement on the likelihood of this occurrence. See Guidance Document for more Information Likelihood [1 - 5]				4
Entry The Likelihood of movement of the pest into the UK on a pathway and transfer of that pest to a suitable host. See Guidance Document for more Information Entry [1 - 5]				4
Establishment The likelihood of the pest surviving and perpetuating in the UK for the foreseeable future after it has entered. See Guidance Document for more Information Establishment [1 - 5]				4
Spread The rate at which a pest can expand, by natural dispersal only, within an area. See Guidance Document for more Information Spread [1 - 5]		2
Impact The highest value from economic, environmental or social impacts. See Guidance Document for more Information Impact [1 - 5]			3
Impact - Economic The predicted economic impacts of the pest in the UK. This includes direct effects on yield, quality and possible indirect effects such as trade implications. See Guidance Document for more Information Impact - Economic [1 - 5]			3
Impact - Environmental The proportion of the environmental value of the plant which is likely to be lost through the introduction of the pest. See Guidance Document for more Information Impact - Environmental [1 - 5]		2
Impact - Social The predicted social impacts of a pest in the UK, including effects on tourism, amenities and animal and human health. See Guidance Document for more Information Impact - Social [1 - 5]		2
Value at Risk The value of the hosts or industries at risk from this pest in the UK. See Guidance Document for more Information Value at Risk [1 - 5]					5
Likelihood x Impact The likelihood multiplied by the impact, which shows the risk to the sector. See Guidance Document for more Information Likelihood x Impact [1 - 25]	12
UK Relative Risk Rating Likelihood x Impact x Value at Risk. See Guidance Document for more Information UK Relative Risk Rating [1 - 125]	60

Current Mitigations

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Key mitigation for pest

Regulated quarantine pest

Regulation

Surveillance

Industry Scheme

Contingency Plan

Awareness

Research

Mitigated Risks

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Likelihood For "Pest is Introduced" the lowest value of Entry or Establishment, as both are required for a successful introduction. For "Pest Spreads to Maximum Extent" this is an expert judgement on the likelihood of this occurrence. See Guidance Document for more Information Likelihood [1 - 5]		2
Entry The Likelihood of movement of the pest into the UK on a pathway and transfer of that pest to a suitable host. See Guidance Document for more Information Entry [1 - 5]		2
Establishment The likelihood of the pest surviving and perpetuating in the UK for the foreseeable future after it has entered. See Guidance Document for more Information Establishment [1 - 5]				4
Spread The rate at which a pest can expand, by natural dispersal only, within an area. See Guidance Document for more Information Spread [1 - 5]		2
Impact The highest value from economic, environmental or social impacts. See Guidance Document for more Information Impact [1 - 5]			3
Impact - Economic The predicted economic impacts of the pest in the UK. This includes direct effects on yield, quality and possible indirect effects such as trade implications. See Guidance Document for more Information Impact - Economic [1 - 5]		2
Impact - Environmental The proportion of the environmental value of the plant which is likely to be lost through the introduction of the pest. See Guidance Document for more Information Impact - Environmental [1 - 5]		2
Impact - Social The predicted social impacts of a pest in the UK, including effects on tourism, amenities and animal and human health. See Guidance Document for more Information Impact - Social [1 - 5]			3
Value at Risk The value of the hosts or industries at risk from this pest in the UK. See Guidance Document for more Information Value at Risk [1 - 5]					5
Likelihood x Impact The likelihood multiplied by the impact, which shows the risk to the sector. See Guidance Document for more Information Likelihood x Impact [1 - 25]	6
UK Relative Risk Rating Likelihood x Impact x Value at Risk. See Guidance Document for more Information UK Relative Risk Rating [1 - 125]	30

Proposed Actions

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Regulation

Deregulation

Management By Industry

Targeted Survey

PRA

Contingency Plan

Publicity

Research

Distribution and Pest Details

Distribution

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Country / Territory		Status	Notes
Europe
	France	Present (Limited)	Under eradication
	Portugal	Present (Limited)	Under eradication
	Spain	Present (Limited)	Transient, actionable, under eradication
	Italy	Present
	United Kingdom	Absent
North America
	Canada	Present
	Mexico	Present
	United States	Present
South America
	Argentina	Present
	Brazil	Present
	Paraguay	Present
	Venezuela	Present
	Peru	Present	Transient
Asia
	Iran	Present
	Israel	Present
	Taiwan	Present
	China	Present
	Lebanon	Present (Limited)
Central America
	Costa Rica	Present
	Puerto Rico	Present

Type of Pest

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Bacterium

Host or Industry at Risk

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Broadleaved trees and many others

Major Hosts

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Acacia Miller
Acer L.
Adenocarpus Dc.
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
Albizia julibrissin Durazz.
Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.
Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Ambrosia L.
Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Koehne
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv.
Ampelopsis cordata Michx.
Anthyllis barba-jovis L.
Anthyllis hermanniae L.
Arbutus unedo L.
Argyranthemum frutescens (Linnaeus) Schultz-Bipontinus
Artemisia L.
Asparagus acutifolius L.
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth
Baccharis L.
Berberis thunbergii Dc.
Brassica L.
Calicotome spinosa (L.) Link
Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link
Callicarpa americana L.
Callistemon citrinus (Curt.) Stapf/Skeels
Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull.
Carya Nutt.
Cassia fasciculata Michx.
Castanea sativa Mill.
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don
Celtis occidentalis L.
Cercis canadensis L.
Cercis occidentalis Torr.
Cercis siliquastrum L.
Chenopodium album L.
Chionanthus L.
Cistus L.
Clematis cirrhosa L.
Clematis vitalba L.
Coffea L.
Coleonema album (Thunb.) Bartl. & Wendl.
Conium maculatum L.
Convolvulus cneorum L.
Coprosma repens A.Rich.
Cornus sanguinea L.
Coronilla valentina L.
Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Aschers. & Graebn.
Cytisus L.
Digitaria Haller
Diospyros kaki L.
Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey
Dodonaea viscosa (Linnaeus) Jacquin
Echinospartum lusitanicum (Linnaeus) Rothmaler
Echium plantagineum L.
Elaeagnus angustifolia L.
Elaeagnus x ebbingei Boom
Encelia farinosa Gray Ex Torr.
Eremophila maculata (Ker) F.V.Muell.
Erica cinerea L.
Erigeron L.
Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Herit. Ex Ait.
Erysimum L.
Euphorbia chamaesyce L.
Euphorbia terracina L.
Euryops chrysanthemoides (Dc.) B.Nordenstam
Euryops pectinatus (Linnaeus) Cassini
Fagus crenata Blume
Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) Decne. & Planch. Ex Murr.
Ficus carica L.
Fraxinus L.
Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn./R.Br.
Genista L.
Ginkgo biloba L.
Gleditsia triacanthos L.
Grevillea rosmarinifolia A.Cunn.
Halimium (Dun.) Spach
Hebe Comm. Ex Juss.
Helianthus L.
Helichrysum Mill.
Heliotropium europaeum L.
Hemerocallis L.
Hibiscus L.
Humulus scandens (Loureiro) Merrill
Hypericum androsaemum L.
Hypericum perforatum L.
Ilex aquifolium L.
Ilex vomitoria Ait.
Inula viscosa (L.) Ait./Dryand.
Iva annua L.
Jacaranda mimosifolia (= mimosaefolia) D.Don
Juglans regia L.
Juniperus ashei Buchholz
Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch.
Laurus nobilis L.
Lavandula L.
Lavatera cretica L.
Ligustrum lucidum Ait.
Liquidambar styraciflua L.
Lonicera L.
Lupinus L.
Lygos monosperma (L.) Heyw.
Magnolia grandiflora L.
Magnolia x soulangiana Soulange-Bodin
Mallotus paniculatus Muell.Arg.
Medicago arborea L.
Medicago sativa L.
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.
Metrosideros Banks Ex Gaertn.
Mimosa L.
Modiola caroliniana (L.) G.Don
Morus L.
Myoporum Banks & Soland. Ex G.Forst.
Myrtus communis L.
Nandina domestica Thunb. Ex Murr.
Nerium oleander L.
Olea L
Olea europaea Linnaeus
Osteospermum ecklonis (Dc.) T.Norl.
Osteospermum fruticosum (L.) Norl.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. em. Rehd.
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Pelargonium L'Herit. Ex Ait.
Persea americana Mill.
Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass.
Phillyrea angustifolia L.
Phillyrea latifolia L.
Phlomis fruticosa L.
Phlomis italica L.
Phoenix reclinata Jacq.
Phoenix roebelinii O'Brien
Pinus taeda L.
Pistacia vera L.
Plantago lanceolata L.
Platanus L.
Platanus occidentalis L.
Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass.
Polygala myrtifolia L.
Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) DC ne.
Prunus L.
Prunus dulcis var. dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb
Psidium L.
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
Pyracantha coccinea M.J.Roem.
Pyrus L.
Quercus L.
Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl.
Rhamnus alaternus L.
Rhamnus frangula L.
Rhus L.
Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Rosa L.
Salvia rosmarinus Spenner
Rubus L.
Ruta chalepensis L.
Ruta graveolens L.
Salix atrocinerea Brot.
Salvia L.
Sambucus L.
Sapindus saponaria L.
Sassafras Nees & Eberm./Trew.
Scabiosa atropurpurea L.
Senecio inaeqidens Dc.
Setaria magna Griseb.
Solidago fistulosa Mill.
Solidago virgaurea L.
Spartium L.
Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim.
Strelitzia reginae Ait.
Streptocarpus Lindl.
Syringa vulgaris L.
Thymus vulgaris L.
Trifolium repens L.
Ulex L.
Ulmus L.
Vaccinium L.
Viburnum tinus L.
Vinca L.
Vitex agnus-castus L.
Vitis L.
Vitis vinifera L.
Westringia fruticosa (Willd.) Druce
Xanthium strumarium ssp. italicum L.
Xanthium strumarium ssp. strumarium L.
Citrus
Lagerstroemia L.
Westringia glabra R.Br.
Santolina Linnaeus

Threats to Protected Cultivation

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Both protected crops and outdoor production

Forest Tree Pests and Pathogens

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Broadleaved

Further Information

PRA

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PRA Availability

UK (February 2020 plus supplementary data October 2020), EFSA (2019)

Regulation and EPPO listing

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Regulated quarantine pest

Actions Indicated

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Action

Statutory action against findings

General Comments

A bacterial disease with a wide host range and many sub-species and strains. Native to the Americas, it has been introduced to parts of mainland Europe where it is causing very high impacts in some regions, though the potential impacts in the UK are considered to be lower due to the cooler climate here. As a regulated pest, should an outbreak occur, there would be a need for eradication action, which would also result in economic, environmental and social impacts.

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Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs

Departmentfor EnvironmentFood & Rural Affairs

UK Risk Register Details for Xylella fastidiosa

Common Names

PRA Document

Scenario and Pathways

Scenario for Risk Register

Pathway Assessed for Entry to UK

Common Pathways

Risk Ratings and Current Mitigations

Unmitigated Risks

Current Mitigations

Key mitigation for pest

Regulation

Surveillance

Industry Scheme

Contingency Plan

Awareness

Research

Mitigated Risks

Proposed Actions

Proposed Actions

Regulation

Deregulation

Management By Industry

Targeted Survey

PRA

Contingency Plan

Publicity

Research

Distribution and Pest Details

Distribution

Type of Pest

Host or Industry at Risk

Major Hosts

Threats to Protected Cultivation

Forest Tree Pests and Pathogens

Further Information

PRA

PRA Availability

Regulation and EPPO listing

Actions Indicated

Action

General Comments

Further Information

Uncertainty

Key uncertainty for pest

Climate

Current distribution

Hosts

Impact

Pathways

Regulation

Taxonomy

UK distribution

Risk Records for this Pest

Department
for Environment
Food & Rural Affairs